APA Checking And Assignment Corection
Assignment 1
Name:
Reg no:
Parkinson’s disease:……………………………………………………………………………………2
Prescription medication::……………………………………………………………………………2 Medication / drug-drug interaction………………………………………………………………3,4 References……………………………………………………………………………………………5
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Table of contents
Parkinson’s disease:
Parkinson’s disease is a neuro de-generative disease that occurs and depletes the neurons present in substansia nigra. These neurons are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses from corpus collosum to the susbtansia nigra part of the mid brain. These are the character playing neurons in managing voluntary motor movements in the body.
It mostly occurs in elderly patients describe by involuntary movements and multi-dimensional brain functioning. The part of this disease may occur due to the effective and excessive use of medications indulging in bi polar or Alzheimer’s disease. The decline of dopamine in par compacta deteriorates the normal functioning of the brain in controlling motor activities.
Prescription medication:
The prescribed medications used for Parkinson’s disease includes the use of Levodopa directly with replenishes the pool for dopamine neurotransmitter.
This drug can’t be given in a single dose rather without carbidopa (LODOSYN) the levodopa will break down into dopamine and then to epinephrine in the body’s periphery. This will create severe symptomatic side effects like an increase in heart rate and sympathetic system dominancy. Dopa-decarboxylase enzyme breaks down the levodopa in the periphery so along with levodopa carbidopa is given. This inhibits the dopa-decarboxylase enzyme and allows levodopa to travel into the blood brain barrier easily.
For the calculations of drug regimen there must be precautionary measures for kidney and liver sensitive enzyme dependent patients. LFT and RFT’s for sensitive patients are done to ensure the correct for dose adjustments not lying in range affecting kidneys and liver function.
Agonist of dopamine:
Use of ergot containing drugs like bromocriptine, ropinirole (Requip), and containing pramipexole (Mirapex). Use for the patch medication there are some drugs given in patch because elder patients sometimes can’t swallow capsules or tablets may be due to fear so Neupro is given as a patch containing rotigotine in it as active ingredient.
Yet another way to administer medication through injectable which involves Apokyn having apomorphine as an active participate of treatment.
MOA inhibitors:
these are the enzymes that break down the dopamine in the periphery of neuron in synaptic cleft. For observing the action they are blocked by these MOA inhibitors (mono amine oxidase inhibitors) including Zelapar, Eldepryl residing selegiline in it.
COMT inhibitors:
These are the reuptake channels and enzymatic control of dopamine from the synaptic cleft. If they are blocked then there will no uptake of dopamine in the neuron and there will be much more dopamine to perform its function and meet the other synaptic surface of a leading neuron. Comtan containing entacapone is used to replenish dopamine concentration in synaptic cleft and Tasmar as Tolcapone.
Anti-cholinergic:
The use of these mnedications is to control the frequency of tremors and muscles movement which results in the deprivation of energy and loss of nutrients from cells resulting in weakening of muscle.
Cogentin containing benztropine is the chiefly used drug in regimens prescribed by doctors.
Non- prescribed drug treatment:
Many ways are there for those patients who wanted to mend their way in treating of Parkinson disease. Most effective practices are exercise, proper muscle movements and massage therapy, speech and locomotors junction therapy. Some of the occupational therapy sessions with therapist recommendations are beneficial for Parkinsonism.
Use of motivated speeches and psychological sessions will bring patients from holding the strong grip over their disease and will think less about it.
Adverse effects and drug –drug interaction:
Most probably the use of drugs for one ailment may cause damage to other parts of the body if it left unaware or unattended. Especially in the case of depression therapy and medication, some of the drugs are related to the origin of Parkinson disease. Alzheimer’s is a psychotic disorder that may lead to Parkinsonism symptoms during its treatment.
Dementia and sleeplessness are the most effective adverse effects of drugs used in Parkinson’s disease. Hallucinations and delusions are also common as these drugs are used as adjunct therapy for depression.
Warfarin has a severe drug-drug interaction with ropinirole and this causes an anticoagulant effect in the blood which forms less solubility of drug and interaction mode of the drug in serum plasma is decreased. Medications use for liver functioning and kidney assistance like thiazide diuretics and loop diuretic used in hypertensive patients will get affected by ropinirole. Gastric drugs for ulcerations and bleeding in the small intestine may be enhanced by the use of levodopa. It will bind to complexes formed by aluminum hydroxide in gastric track thus inhibits the efficacy of the drug and formulate ulceration.
Pediatrics and geriatrics:
Use of a controlled amount of drug regimens in the clinical setup there must be an important note for breast feeding mothers to restrict the required dose for Parkinson’s disease. Related to pediatrics calculated initiated amount of dosage regimen is selected. As ropinirole has severe dementia effect in children. In children, sudden mood swings and motor impartment during exercise and running is seen. But improved therapy sessions have presented the group of medications in one role. Rather put elder patients in that category that deals with the slow and shaking movement of facial muscles and hands, pill rolling movement and improved muscle rigidity is seen. Geriatrics has an affective therapeutic goal in improving dopamine level in the body.
References:
Ahlskog, J. E. (2018, March 1). Aerobic Exercise: Evidence for a Direct Brain Effect to Slow Parkinson Disease Progression. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025619617308984
Bair, J. D., & Oppelt, T. F. (2001, October). Warfarin and ropinirole interaction. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11675845
Katzenschlager, R., Poewe, W., Rascol, O., Trenkwalder, C., Deuschl, G., Chaudhuri, K. R., … Lees, A. (2018, July 25). Apomorphine subcutaneous infusion in patients with Parkinson’s disease with persistent motor fluctuations (TOLEDO): a multicentre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1474442218302394
Parkinson’s disease: Parkinson’s: Non-drug treatment. (2019, July 4). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK293718/
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